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DECENTRALIZATION中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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decentralization 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

decentralizationnoun [ U ] (UK usually decentralisation) uk

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/ˌdiː.sen.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ us

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the act or process of decentralizing an organization or government (= moving control from a single place to several smaller ones)

（权利的）去集中化，下放

the decentralization of power

权力下放

The reforms involved some limited decentralization of authority.

改革需要对有限的部分权力进行下放。

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decentralize

更多范例减少例句The group works for a number of social objectives, including the decentralization of government.There are many good reasons to be suspicious of radical political decentralization.The process of administrative decentralization began in 2015.

(decentralization在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

decentralization的翻译

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（權利的）去集中化，下放…

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descentralización…

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descentralização…

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去中心化_百度百科

_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心去中心化播报讨论上传视频互联网术语收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目审核。本词条缺少概述图，补充相关内容使词条更完整，还能快速升级，赶紧来编辑吧！去中心化（英语：decentralization）是互联网发展过程中形成的社会关系形态和内容产生形态，是相对于“中心化”而言的新型网络内容生产过程。相对于早期的互联网（Web 1.0）时代，Web 2.0内容不再是由专业网站或特定人群所产生，而是由权级平等的全体网民共同参与、共同创造的结果。任何人都可以在网络上表达自己的观点或创造原创的内容，共同生产信息。随着网络服务形态的多元化，去中心化网络模型越来越清晰，也越来越成为可能。Web 2.0兴起后，Wikipedia、Flickr、Blogger等网络服务商所提供的服务都是去中心化的，任何参与者均可提交内容，网民共同进行内容协同创作或贡献。之后随着更多简单易用的去中心化网络服务的出现，Web2.0的特点越发明显。例如Twitter、Facebook等更加适合普通网民的服务的诞生，使得为互联网生产或贡献内容更加简便、更加多元化，从而提升了网民参与贡献的积极性、降低了生产内容的门槛。最终使得每一个网民均成为了一个微小且独立的信息提供商，使得互联网更加扁平、内容生产更加多元化。中文名去中心化外文名decentralization领域区块链目录1基本概述2基本性质3去中心化计算4去中心所引发的法律问题5去中心化的治理之策6参见基本概述播报编辑在一个分布有众多节点的系统中，每个节点都具有高度自治的特征。节点之间彼此可以自由连接，形成新的连接单元。任何一个节点都可能成为阶段性的中心，但不具备强制性的中心控制功能。节点与节点之间的影响，会通过网络而形成非线性因果关系。这种开放式、扁平化、平等性的系统现象或结构，我们称之为去中心化。随着主体对客体的相互作用的深入和认知机能的不断平衡、认知结构的不断完善，个体能从自我中心状态中解除出来，称之为去中心化。 [1]基本性质播报编辑去中心化，不是不要中心，而是由节点来自由选择中心、自由决定中心。简单地说，中心化的意思，是中心决定节点。节点必须依赖中心，节点离开了中心就无法生存。在去中心化系统中，任何人都是一个节点，任何人也都可以成为一个中心。任何中心都不是永久的，而是阶段性的，任何中心对节点都不具有强制性。 [1]去中心化计算播报编辑去中心化计算（英语：Decentralized computing）是把硬件和软件资源分配到每个工作站或办公室的计算模式。相比之下，集中式计算则是将大部分计算功能从本地或者远程进行集中计算。去中心化计算是一种现代化的计算模式。与之相反的集中计算，则普遍存在于早期的计算环境当中。一个去中心化的计算机系与传统的集中式网络相比有很多优点。台式计算机发展迅猛，它们的潜在的性能远远超过要求的大多数业务应用程序的性能要求。结果，大多数桌面计算机存在着剩余的闲置计算能力. 一个去中心化的计算系统，可以发挥这些潜力，最大限度地提高效率。然而，它是否增加了整体网络的有效性依然值得商榷。 [2]去中心化自治组织（DAO）是一个互联网社区，由其成员所拥有，运行在区块链技术上。DAO使用“智能合约”，即建立该组织规则并自动执行决策的代码片段。去中心化自治组织ConstitutionDAO试图在苏富比（Sotheby‘s）举行的拍卖会上购买一份罕见的美国宪法副本，但以失败告终。 [3]去中心所引发的法律问题播报编辑(一)跨境交易监管不明，司法管辖难以确定 [4](二)用户匿名化，责任追究困难 [4](三)数据不可篡改,权利难以救济 [4]去中心化的治理之策播报编辑(一)推动协作式监管，完善司法管辖争议解决机制 [4](二)精细化管理用户身份，建立责任认定机制 [4](三)技术创新与法律规制协同保障数据安全,提升抵御风险能力 [4]参见播报编辑去中心化计算互联网治理新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

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Decentralization: Definitions, Theories and Debate | SpringerLink

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Decentralization and Reform in Africa pp 1–10Cite as

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Decentralization and Reform in Africa

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Decentralization: Definitions, Theories and Debate

Sylvain H. Boko2

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AbstractIn its most general term, decentralization refers to the transfer of authority from a central government to a sub-national entity. But beyond this general definition, the process of decentralization is a complex undertaking, taking on different meanings in different contexts and according to the desires and plans of those in charge of its design and implementation. There are many ways in which a government may devolve power to the sub-national level. Thus, decentralization can be political, administrative, fiscal, or economic. In many cases, these different types of decentralization are carried out simultaneously however, adding to the complexity of the process.KeywordsLocal GovernmentCentral GovernmentPublic Good ProvisionFiscal DecentralizationPolitical DecentralizationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Decentralization … confers onto local communities the power… to manage their affairs in order to promote their own development. -Bakary Thaore, Action Collective, (A Burkina Faso Publication on decentralization), October 2001.

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Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsWake Forest University, USASylvain H. BokoAuthorsSylvain H. BokoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google Scholar Rights and permissionsReprints and permissions Copyright information© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York About this chapterCite this chapterBoko, S.H. (2002). Decentralization: Definitions, Theories and Debate.

In: Decentralization and Reform in Africa. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1111-3_1Download citation.RIS.ENW.BIBDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1111-3_1

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Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance pp 1–7Cite as

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Decentralization and Governance

Khandakar Farid Uddin2

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First Online: 11 April 2018

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Synonyms

Delegation and domination; Devolution and supremacy; Regionalization and ascendency; Reorganization and power

Definition

Decentralization is the administrative reform to division and dissemination of central government authorities, activities, rights, and responsibilities to the distant grassroots administrative units. On the contrary, governance is the administrative innovation to ensure effective application of organizational arrangements and reforms. Both decentralization and governance are effective administrative tools to strengthen the management skill and delivery of services. Decentralized governance is usually introducing to support to democratic state-run, whole state affairs, grassroot governance, and better public services. Decentralized governance ensures delegation of the power and authority to the remote level administration. They help to empower local level administrative wings and enhance the opportunity for active public participation. Decentralized...

KeywordsDecentralized GovernanceFaguetBanninkCentral Government AuthoritiesImprove Government EffectivenessThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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ReferencesAhmad E, Brosio G (2006) Introduction. In: Ahmad E, Brosio G (eds) The political economy of decentralization. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Massachusetts, USA, pp 1–36

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Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsCenter for Administrative Research and Innovation (CARI), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshKhandakar Farid UddinAuthorsKhandakar Farid UddinView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

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Khandakar Farid Uddin .Editor informationEditors and AffiliationsFlorida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USAAli Farazmand Rights and permissionsReprints and permissionsCopyright information© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer NatureAbout this entryCite this entryFarid Uddin, K. (2018). Decentralization and Governance.

In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2613-2Download citation.RIS.ENW.BIBDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2613-2Received: 04 February 2018Accepted: 24 February 2018Published: 11 April 2018

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Decentralization and Governance

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TopicsCommunity-Driven Development

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Decentralization

June 6, 2013

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Decentralization transfers authority and responsibility of major government functions from central to sub-national governments — including local governments, civil society, and the private sector.

The community-driven development (CDD) and decentralization nexus can empower communities to exert influence over local governance and services. CDD and decentralization are both about empowering people at the local level.

The rationale for decentralization in the context of CDD includes economic efficiency, public accountability, and empowerment:

• It gives greater voice and choice to citizens to influence decisions that affect their lives.

• It allows local governments to respond dynamically to communities.

• It results in allocative efficiency by matching of local needs and preferences with patterns of local public expenditure (assumes substantial fiscal autonomy).

Community/local level checks and balances ensure both community-based organizations and local governments can be held accountable to their respective constituencies. Decentralization also provides a powerful impetus for enhancing the scaling up potential of CDD operations. By incorporating local governments in the CDD approach from the outset, and by building strong partnerships between local governments and community-based organizations, CDD projects can achieve scale and sustainability, while improving systems of local governance by building downward accountability towards citizens.

Benefits and challenges of decentralization

Much of the decentralization that has taken place in the past decade has been motivated by political concerns. For example, in Latin America, decentralization has been an essential part of the democratization process as discredited autocratic central regimes are replaced by elected governments operating under new constitutions. However, there is also a strong rationale for decentralization in terms of economic efficiency, public accountability, and empowerment.

In the context of CDD, the major benefits of decentralization are:

• Greater voice and choice of individual constituents to influence decisions which affect their lives, and of sub-national and local governments to respond dynamically to constituency concerns.

• Allocative efficiency — matching of local needs and preferences with patterns of local public expenditure (assumes substantial fiscal autonomy).

• Empowerment of districts, villages, communities, and individual constituents.

The underlying assumptions on which these potential benefits of decentralization rest include:

• Representative elected bodies: Each council member has a mandate to articulate needs of an identifiable constituency and can be held accountable.

• Inclusive local decision-making: Decision-making that does not systematically exclude the poorest, most vulnerable groups, specific social or ethnic groups.

Potential dangers and challenges of decentralization include:

• Elite capture

• Corruption

• Patronage politics

• Local civil servants feel compromised

• Impedes further decentralization

• Incomplete information

• Constituents not able to hold representatives accountable

• Opaque decision-making affecting accountability upwards and downwards

• Rationalizes reform delays and central claw back of power

Types of decentralization

Types of decentralization include political, administrative, and fiscal decentralization. Drawing distinctions between these various concepts is useful for highlighting the many dimensions to successful decentralization and the need for coordination among them:

Political decentralization transfers policy and legislative powers from central governments to autonomous, lower level assemblies, and local councils that have been democratically elected by their constituencies. To be effective, it requires regular elections, clearly defined jurisdictions and powers, and the appropriate legal, political and functional space.

Administrative decentralization places planning and implementation responsibilities in the hands of locally situated civil servants and these local civil servants under the jurisdiction of elected local governments. To be effective, it requires ability to make independent staffing decisions and ability to negotiate conditions of service (though the center may retain a useful role in training)

Fiscal decentralization accords substantial revenue and expenditure autonomy to local governments, including the power to levy taxes and user charges. To be effective, it requires linking pleasure of spending with pain of revenue generation, increasing revenue autonomy, building capacity to analyze data for budget decisions and establishing proper fiduciary controls.

Community-Driven Development in Local Government Capacity Building Projects: Emerging Approaches in AfricaExploring Partnerships between Communities & Local Governments in Community Driven Development: A FrameworkLinking Community Empowerment, Decentralized Governance, and Public Service Provision Through a Local Development Framework

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Decentralization: Definitions, Theories and Debate

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Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsWake Forest University, USASylvain H. BokoAuthorsSylvain H. BokoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

In: Decentralization and Reform in Africa. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1111-3_1Download citation.RIS.ENW.BIBDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1111-3_1

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